46.8. Capital management

The capital management process applied by the Group has been adopted for the following purposes:

• ensuring the safe and secure functioning by maintaining the balance between the capacity to undertake risk (limited by own funds), and the risk levels generated,
• maintenance of capital for covering risk above the minimum stated levels in order to assure further business operations, taking into consideration the possible, future changes in capital requirements and to safeguard the interests of shareholders,
• maintenance of the optimal capital structure in order to maintain the desired quality of risk coverage capital,
• creation of value to shareholders by the best possible utilization of the Group

The Group has put in place a formalized process of capital management and monitoring, established within the scope of Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process – ICAAP process. The Finance Division under the Chief Financial Officer is responsible for functioning of the capital management process in the Bank. The ultimate responsibility for capital management is allocated to the Management Board of the Bank, supported by the Assets, Liabilities and Risk Management Committee, which approves the capital management process. The Supervisory Board supervises the capital management system, in particular approves the capital management strategy. The Capital Management Strategy defines the objectives and general rules of the management and monitoring of the Group’s capital adequacy, such as the guidelines concerning risk coverage sources, preferred structure of capital for risk coverage, long-term capital targets, capital limits system and sources of additional capital under contingency situations.

The Group has also implemented the Capital Contingency Policy which establishes rules and obligations in the event of crisis appearance or further development that would significantly reduce capitalization level of the Bank or Group. The policy defines the principles of supervision including split of responsibilities for the purpose of early and consistent management in case of crisis situation development.

The capital adequacy of the Group is controlled by the Assets, Liabilities and Risk Management Committee and Management Board of Bank. Periodic reports on the scale and direction of changes of the capital ratios together with indication of potential threats are prepared for the Supervisory Board, Management Board and for the Assets, Liabilities and Risk Management Committee. The level of basic types of risks is monitored according to the external limits of the banking supervision and the internal limits of the Group. Analyses and evaluations of directions of business activities development are performed assessing the compliance with capital requirements. Forecasting and monitoring of risk weighted assets, own funds and capital ratios constitute an integral part of the planning and budgeting process, including stress tests.

The Group also has a capital allocation process in place, with an aim of guaranteeing the shareholders a safe and effective return on invested capital. On one hand, the process requires capital allocations to products/clients/business lines, which guarantee profits adequate to the risks taken, while on the other hand taking into consideration the cost of capital associated with the business decisions taken. Risk-related efficiency ratios are used in the analyses of income generated compared against the risk taken as well as for the optimization of capital usage for different types of operations.

Calculations of the regulatory capital requirements were performed based on Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) No 575/2013 of June 26, 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012, together with further amendments, in particular Regulation (EU) 2019/876 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 amending Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as regards the leverage ratio, the net stable funding ratio, requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities, counterparty credit risk, market risk, exposures to central counterparties, exposures to collective investment undertakings, large exposures, reporting and disclosure requirements, as well as Commission Implementing Regulations or Delegated Regulations (EU) (CRR Regulation).

The Group defines components of own funds in line with the binding law, particularly with Regulation No 575/2013 and The Banking Act of 29 August 1997 with further amendments.

According to law, Group is required to maintain minimal values of capital ratios resulting from Pillar 1 level (Regulation 575/2013), capital requirement of Pillar 2 resulting from The Banking Act and combined buffer requirement resulting from Act on macro-prudential supervision.

Minimal value of capital ratios on Pillar 1 level are:

• Total capital ratio (TCR) in amount of 8%,
• Tier 1 capital ratio (T1) in amount of 6%,
• Common Equity Tier I capital ratio (CET 1) in amount of 5%.

On Pillar II, Pekao Group has no additional capital requirement (P2R). This is due to the KNF’s decision stating the expiration of the KNF’s decision based on which the KNF recommended compliance, at the consolidated level, with the additional own funds requirement above the value resulting from the requirements calculated in accordance with the rules set forth in Regulation (EU) No. 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council on prudential requirements for credit institutions. Bank received the above mentioned decision on February 18, 2022.

Combined buffer requirement as at 31 December 2022 consists of:

• Capital conservation buffer in amount of 50%,
• Countercyclical capital buffer in amount of 01%,
• Other systemically important institution buffer in amount of 00%,
• Systemic risk buffer in amount of 0.00% (according to the Regulation of the Minister of Finance, the systemic risk buffer was abolished on 19 March 2020. The buffer value applicable until that date was 3% of the total risk exposure amount for all exposures located only in the territory of the Republic of Poland).

In total, Group is required to maintain:

• Total capital ratio (TCR) in amount of 51%,
• Capital ratio Tier 1 (T1) in amount of 51%,
• Common Equity Tier (CET 1) in amount of 8.01%.

As at 31 December 2022 total capital ratio of the Group amounted at 17.4% (as of 31 December 2021 – 17.7%).

Total capital ratio at the end of 2022 compared with the end of 2021 decreased by 0.3 p.p.

Total capital requirement decreased by 0.9%, mainly due to lower credit risk capital requirement. As at 31 December 2022 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital was lower by 0.2% as compared to 31 December 2021 mainly due to decrease of HTC&S portfolio valuation. Own funds for total capital ratio calculation decreased by 2.2% at the end of 2022 compared to the end of 2021.

To assess the internal capital adequacy of the Group, the Group applies methods designed internally.

The Group takes the following risks into consideration:

• credit risk,
• operational risk,
• market risk,
• liquidity
• risk,
• real estate risk,
• macroeconomic risk,
• business risk (including strategic risk),
• compliance risk,
• reputational risk,
• model risk,
• excessive leverage risk,
• bancassurance risk,
• financial investment

For each risk deemed material, the Group develops and applies adequate risk assessment and measurement methods.  The Group applies the following risk assessment methods:

• qualitative assessment – applied in case of risks which are difficult to measure (compliance, reputational and bancassurance risks) with potencial capital coverage in other risks areas,
• assessment by estimation of capital buffer, for risks that are not easily quantifiable however some aggregate assessment of their impact is possible (model risk and macroeconomic risk),
• quantitative assessment – applied for risks which can be measured with the use of economic capital (other risk types apart from liquidity risk and excessive leverage risk) or based on other risk-specific measures (liquidity risk and excessive leverage risk).

Generally, preferred methods of measuring risks and determining the resulting capital requirements are Value at Risk models, based on assumptions derived from the Group’s risk appetite. The models are developed in compliance with the best market practices and regulatory requirements and supplemented with stress tests and/or scenario analyses. In case of risk types for which such methodologies have not been finally developed or implemented, the Group uses regulatory models supplemented with stress tests or simplified measurement methods.

Determination of capital buffer which covers the risk of changes in macroeconomic conditions is made on the basis of an analysis of the impact of the economic slowdown scenario on economic capital over the forecast horizon, with the impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income and changes in the valuation of portfolios classified as measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

Model risk is estimated using results of model validation and scenario analyses making it possible to evaluate the impact of potential model inconsistencies on its output. Based on the aggregated output, the model risk capital buffer is determined.

The procedure of estimating capital needs starts with the calculation of economic capital, separately for each material quantifiable risk identified by the Group. Next, economic capital figures for individual risks are aggregated. Then, the amount is increased by the capital buffer for model and macroeconomic risks. The sum of economic capital and the capital buffer constitutes the internal capital of the Group.